第一作者：Lei Cong,Wei Ji
发表刊物：Reviews of Modern Physics
关键字：Reviews of Modern Physics 92,2, 025005(2025) 自然界已知四种基本相互作用（电磁相互作用、引力相互作用、强相互作用与弱相互作用）之外，超出粒子物理标准模型的新物理效应，可能催生全新相互作用，即第五种力。本文综述聚焦于由奇异玻色子传递的自旋相关第五种力，这类玻色子包括自旋为 0 的轴子、类轴子粒子，以及自旋为 1 的 Z⁰玻色子、暗光子和类光子。诸多奇异玻色子也是解释暗物质与暗能量本质的候选粒子，其相互作用还可能违背基础对称性。各类实验已针对奇异玻色子交换所引发的费米子间自旋相关相互作用展开研究，相关探索尤其集中在低能前沿领域。本文系统介绍了搜寻奇异自旋相关相互作用所采用的实验手段与装置，包括原子共磁强计、扭秤、氮空位自旋传感器，以及高精度原子分子光谱技术。文中基于量子场论，在最简假设下推导得到一套完整的相互作用势，并采用约化耦合常数完成表征；同时汇总了目前针对奇异自旋相关相互作用的实验与天文观测约束，梳理了该领域的研究现状与未来重点发展方向。 Novel interactions beyond the four known fundamental forces in nature (electromagnetic, gravitational, strong, and weak interactions) may arise due to “new physics” beyond the standard model, manifesting as a “fifth force.” This review focuses on spin-dependent fifth forces mediated by exotic bosons such as spin-0 axions and axionlike particles and spin-1 Z' bosons, dark photons, and paraphotons. Many of these exotic bosons are candidates to explain the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and their interactions may violate fundamental symmetries. Spin-dependent interactions between fermions mediated by the exchange of exotic bosons have been investigated in a variety of experiments, particularly at the low-energy frontier. Experimental methods and tools used to search for exotic spin-dependent interactions, such as atomic comagnetometers, torsion balances, nitrogenvacancy spin sensors, and precision atomic and molecular spectroscopy, are described. A complete set of interaction potentials, derived based on quantum field theory with minimal assumptions and characterized in terms of reduced coupling constants, are presented. A summary of existing experimental and observational constraints on exotic spin-dependent interactions is given, in the process illustrating the current research landscape and promising directions of further research.
卷号：97
发布期刊链接：https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.97.025005#s4
合写作者：Pavel Fadeev,Filip Ficek,Min Jiang,Victor V. Flambaum,Haosen Guan,Derek F. Jackson Kimball,Mikhail G. Kozlov,Yevgeny V. Stadnik,Dmitry Budker