Snowball Earth Events: these are the most extreme climate events that have occurred in the Earth history. During these events, all the continents were covered by land ice, but whether the oceans were completely or partially covered by sea ice is being intensely debated. We want to understand the climate and its abrupt changes associated with these events by doing climate simulations.

Last Glacial Maximum: the extent of continental ice sheet was at its maximum at approximately 21 kilo-years ago (ka) during the last glacial cycle. It is a typical climate that is very different from the present-day climate and is well observed, therefore a great testbed for both our climate theories and models. We try to understand the discrepancy between the models and observations for this period by improving the boundary conditions or including more processes into the climate models.