The PhDs program (Phanerozoic Deep-time Climate Simulations)

The Phanerozoic Eon has witnessed considerable changes in the climate system as well as abundant animals and plant life. Thus, the climate system had evolved with tectonics, and climate changes impacted on the ecosystem in the Phanerozoic are of great interests. The PhDs program simulates the evolution climate and ecosystem in the past 540 million years, using a fully coupled Earth system model (CESM1.2.2). Simulation results are archived and publically released. All are welcome to use the data for academic studies.

55 time-slice simulations were performed for the past 540 million years, with a 10-million-year interval. Each time-slice simulation includes two steps. We first use the lower-resolution fully coupled CESM1.2.2 (T31, 3.75° × 3.75° in latitude and longitude) to generate sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and vegetation. Then, the SSTs and vegetation are used to drive the higher-resolution (0.9° × 1.25° in latitude and longitude) atmospheric model to generate global distributions of monthly surface temperatures and precipitation.

References

       Detailed information of model setup and simulation design is described in the following two papers:

1.      Xiang Li, Yongyun Hu*, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Qifan Lin, Jing Han, Jian Zhang, Xiujuan Bao, Shuai Yuan, Zihan Yin, Chengguang Zhu, Yonggang Liu, Jun Yang, Ji Nie, 2022:  A global high-resolution climate simulation dataset for the past 540 million years. Scientific Data, 9: 371, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01490-4.

2.      Xiang Li, Yongyun Hu*, Jun Yang, Mengyu Wei, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Qifan Lin, Shuai Yuan, Jian Zhang, Yonggang Liu, Ji Nie, Yan Xia, Shineng Hu, 2023: Climate Variations in the Past 250 Million Years and Contributing Factors. Paleoclimatology and Paleo-oceanography, 38, e2022PA004503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004503.

Datasets

The high-resolution AGCM data is archived at: Li, X. et al. A high-resolution climate simulation dataset for the past 540 million years. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19920662.v1 (2022).

The high-resolution datasets are constructed in the form of the NetCDF File "High_Resolution_Climate_Simulation_Dataset_540_Myr.nc".

Climate variables, averaged over the last 60 model years, include monthly surface temperatures (T; unit: °C; Not surface air temperatures), precipitation (P; unit: mm month-1), fraction of surface land area (LANDFRAC; unit: fraction), surface geopotential (PHIS; unit: m2 s^-2), surface albedo (SALB; unit: fraction), and zonal (U; unit: m s^-1), meridional (V; unit: m s^-1) winds at 1000 hPa. T, P, SALB, U, and V have the dimensions of 55 (simulation) × 12 (month) × 192 (latitude) × 288 (longitude), and LANDFRAC and PHIS have the dimensions of 55 (simulation) × 192 (latitude) × 288 (longitude).

       The lower-resolution AOGCM data is archived at: Li, X., & Hu, Y. (2022). Climate variations in the past 250 million years and contributing factors [Dataset]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7322003.

       For more data requests, please contact Professor Yongyun Hu at yyhu@pku.edu.cn.

Animations

The evolution of the annual mean surface temperature (top) and precipitation (bottom) in the Phanerozoic.

Global monsoon evolution in the past 250 million years.

Publications based on the above data

Xiang Li, Shineng Hu, Yongyun Hu*, Wenju Cai, Yishuai Jin, Zhengyao Lu, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Qifan Lin, Shuai Yuan, Jian Zhang, Zhongshi Zhang, Yonggang Liu, Jun Yang, Ji Nie, 2024: Variations in the amplitude of El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the past 250 million years. PNAS, 121(45), e2404758121.

Wei-Guo Fan, Xue-Yan Liu*, Mingzhong Zhou, Wei Song, Yongyun Hu, Yan-An Shen, Cong-Qiang Liu, Phanerozoic dry-humid climate alternations in South China. GRL, 51(20), https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111475.

Pengkun Yang, Yan Xia*, Yongyun Hu*, Ming Bao, and Xuejuan Ren, 2024: Impact of Paleogeography on the Stratospheric Polar Vortex in the Geological Past. GRL, DOI: 10.1029/2024GL111251.

Shuai Yuan, Yonggang Liu, Yongyun Hu*, Jie Mei, Jing Han, Xiujuan Bao, Xiang Li, Qifan Lin, Mengyu Wei, Zhibo Li, Zihan Yin, Kai Man, Jiaqi Guo, Yue Liu, Jiacheng Wu, Jian Zhang, Qiang Wei, Jun Yang1, Ji Nie, 2024: Controlling Factors of the Strength of Global Meridional Overturning Circulation (GMOC): A lesson from the Paleozoic. Science Advances, 10, eadm7813 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adm7813.

Jiachen Liu, Jun Yang, Feng Ding, Gang Chen, Yongyun Hu, 2024: Reversal of Precipitation Trend in Hothouse Climates. Science Advances, 10, eado2515 (2024), DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado2515.

Mengyu Wei, Jun Yang, Yongyun Hu, Xiang Li, Jiawenjing Lan, Jiaqi Guo, Shuai Yuan, Shineng Hu, Yonggang Liu, and Ji Nie, 2023: Abnormal local cooling as increasing solar constant under special paleogeography configurations. Journal of Climate, 37, 3359-3376, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0431.s1.

Haoyue Zuo, Yonggang Liu, Gaojun Li, Zhifang Xu, Liang Zhao, Zhengtang Guo, and Yongyun Hu, 2023: A Revised Model of Global Silicate Weathering Considering the Influence of Vegetation Cover on Erosion Rate. Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 3949–3974, DOI:10.5194/gmd-17-3949-2024.

Yonggang Liu, Jian Zhang, Haoyue Zuo, Zhilin He, Jiaqi Guo, Qifan Lin, Haonan Yu, Jiawenjing Lan, Jing Han, Zhihong Song, Zihan Yin, Liang Zhao, Yongyun Hu, Zhengtang Guo, 2024: Spatial Continuous modeling of Early Cenozoic Carbon Cycle and Climate. National Science Review, DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae061.

Yongyun Hu*, 2024: The super-cycle of the global land-monsoon system. National Science Review, DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae092.

Jian Zhang*, Licheng Wang*, Sascha Flögel, Yongyun Hu, Chengshan Wang, 2024: Effects of global warming and Tibetan Plateau uplift on East Asian climate during the mid-Cretaceous. Global and Planetary Change, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.112007.

Qifan Lin, Yonggang Liu*, Jiaqi Guo, Xiang Li, Jiawenjing Lan, Haoyue Zuo, Ming Zhang, Jian Zhang, Zhouqiao Zhao, Yongyun Hu, 2024: Simulated Dust Activity in Typical Time Periods of the Past 250 Million Years. Fundamental Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2024.02.004.

Jiaqi Guo, Yonggang Liu, Yongyun Hu*, 2024: Climate response to vegetation removal on different continents. J. Geophys. Res., 129, e2023JD039531. https://doi. org/10.1029/2023JD039531.

Xiujuan Bao and Yongyun Hu*, 2024: Quantitative estimation of global mean precipitation throughout the Phanerozoic era. Science China-Earth Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1360/N072023-0244.

Zhibo Li, Yongyun Hu*, Jian Zhang, Xiang Li, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Qifan Lin, Shuai Yuan, Mengyu Wei, Zihan Yin, Qiang Wei, Xiujuan Bao, Jing Han, Jun Yang, Yonggang Liu, Ji Nie, 2024: The Pacific-North American teleconnection in the Cenozoic. Global and Planetary Change, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2024.104402.

Jian Zhang*, Sascha Flögel, Yongyun Hu, Anni Zhao, Runjian Chu, and Chengshan Wang, 2023: Coastal Mountains Amplify the Orbital Forcing on the East Asian Climate during the early Late Cretaceous. Geophys. Res. Lett., DOI: 10.1029/2023GL105932.

Ren Wei, Zhijun Jin*, Rui Zhang, Mingsong Li, Yongyun Hu, Xiangwu He, Shuai Yuan, 2023: Orbitally-paced coastal sedimentary records and global sea-level changes in the early Permian. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 620, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118356.

Jian Zhang*, Sascha Flögel, Yongyun Hu, Anni Zhao, Runjian Chu, and Chengshan Wang, 2023: Coastal Mountains Amplify the Orbital Forcing on the East Asian Climate during the early Late Cretaceous. Geophys. Res. Lett., DOI: 10.1029/2023GL105932.

Jian Zhang*, Yongyun Hu, Chenguang Zhu, Sascha Flöge, Xiaomin Fang, Jimin Sun, 2023: Modeling the effects of global cooling and the Tethyan Seaway closure on North African and South Asian climates during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology, 619, 111541. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111541.

Jing Han, Ji Nie*, Yongyun Hu*, William R. Boos, Yonggang Liu, Jun Yang, Shuai Yuan, Xiang Li, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Qifan Lin, Xiujuan Bao, Mengyu Wei, Zhibo Li, Kai Man, Zihan Yin, 2023: Continental drift shifts tropical rainfall by altering radiation and ocean heat transport. Sci. Adv. 9, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf7209.

Shiyan Zhang, Yongyun Hu*, Jun Yang, Xiang Li, Wanying Kang, Jian Zhang, Yonggang Liu, Ji Nie, 2023: The Hadley Circulation in the Pangea era. Science Bulletin, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.021.

Ren Wei; Mingsong Li; Rui Zhang; Yongyun Hu; James G. Ogg; Guoyong Liu; He Huang; Xiangwu He; Shuai Yuan; Qifan Lin, 2023: Obliquity forcing of continental aquifers during the late Paleozoic ice age. EPSL, 613, 118174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118174.

Yongyun Hu*, Xiang Li, William Boos, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Qifan Lin, Jing Han, Jian Zhang, Xiujuan Bao, Shuai Yuan, Yonggang Liu, Jun Yang, Ji Nie, Zhengtang Guo*, 2023: Emergence of the modern global monsoon from the Pangea Megamonsoon. Nature Geoscience, 10.1038/s41561-023-01288-y.

Lan J, J. Yang, Y. Hu, X. Li, J. Guo, Q. Lin, Y. Liu, J. Han, J. Zhang, Z. Zhao, S. Wang, J. Nie, 2022: Weak Equatorial Superrotation During the Past 250 Million years. J. Atmos. Sci., 80, 4, 1003-1023, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-22-0072.1.

Xiujuan Bao, Yongyun Hu*, Christopher R. Scotese, Xiang Li, Jiaqi Guo, Jiawenjing Lan, Qifan Lin, Shuai Yuan, Mengyu Wei, Zhibo Li, Kai Man, Zihan Yin, Jing Han, Jian Zhang, Qiang Wei, Yonggang Liu, Jun Yang, Ji Nie, 2022: Quantifying Climate Conditions for the Formation of Coals and Evaporites. National Science Review, 10, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad051. 

Yan Xia, Xiang Li, Yongyun Hu*, Yi Huang, Chuanfeng Zhao, and Fei Xie, 2022: Significant contribution of paleogeography to stratospheric water vapor variations in the past 250 million years. GRL, DOI:10.1029/2022GL100919.

Qing Yan, Xiang Li, David B. Kemp, Jiaqi Guo, Zhongshi Zhang, Yongyun Hu*, 2022: Elevated atmospheric CO2 drove an increase in tropical cyclone intensity during the early Toarcian hyperthermal. PNAS

Yongyun Hu*, 2022: The walker circulation shaped by tectonics. National Science Review, 8(5), DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa133.

Yonggang Liu, Peng Liu, Dawei Li, Yiran Peng, Yongyun Hu, 2021: Influence of dust on the initiation of Neoproterozoic snowball earth events. Journal of Climate, 34(16):6673–6689, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0803.1.

Peng Liu, Yonggang Liu*, Yiran Peng, Jean-François Lamarque, Mingxing Wang, Yongyun Hu*, 2020: Large influence of dust on the Precambrian climate of the Earth. Nature Communications, 11, 4427, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18258-2.